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What if you’re not saving any money, not saving enough or unexpected events throw your finances into disarray? Budgeting and being prepared for unexpected events can change things for the better, often without too much pain.
Budgeting: what you need, and what you want The best tool for finding extra money is a budget, much like Nat and Sam’s record of income and expenses. Look at the things you need – the essentials, such as housing and food – and those you simply like to have, or want. When you need to trim the budget, cut back on the ‘wants’ first – things that aren’t essential for everyday life. Don’t cut out all the wants, because if your budget’s too tight, it’s not going to work.

How can you save more?
The best way to save is to put money away as soon as you are paid and before you spend.

What you can do: Have an easy access cash account for everyday needs, with a debit card attached Potential savings: Reduces need to use credit card; earns interest How it could work: Get your pay deposited into this account
What you can do: Save or invest a fixed amount of money every pay in a separate account Potential savings: More for your future goals, and an emergency source of money How it could work: Get your employer to pay direct to
your account or have a fund manager direct debit your bank account What you can do: Save your pay rises, bonuses, special payments or tax refund Potential savings: Savings build up significantly over time as you continue to live within your existing budget How it could work: Increase your automatic savings amount. Immediately invest your extra money

What you can do: Pay your mortgage fortnightly, and pay an extra 5–10% on your mortgage every month Potential savings: Saves interest costs and pays off your mortgage sooner How it could work: Get your lender to deduct your
mortgage and extra payments fortnightly What you can do: Budget a specific amount for fun, leisure and personal expenses Potential savings: Controls impulse buying How it could work: Makes it easier to stick to your budget
What you can do: Put your change into a savings jar at the end of each day Potential savings: Creates a little pot of ready cash How it could work: Use this money for small personal expenses What you can do: Make extra superannuation contributions from your pre-tax salary (‘salary sacrifice’) Potential savings: More money for retirement and less personal income tax paid How it could work: Discuss with your pay office, but make sure that you can afford to make extra contributions

Pay by cash or EFTPOS instead of using credit Potential savings: Encourages saving because you use your own money (which is limited) instead of borrowing it. Saves interest on credit cards Pay credit cards off in full each month
Potential savings: Saves 16% per year on your outstanding balance Use lay-by for Christmas shopping or save small amounts over the year Potential savings: $25 per week would mean $1,300 in Christmas cash, avoiding high credit card bills in the New Year and interest payments Combine multiple accounts, such as cheque and savings accounts at the bank, and separate superannuation funds Potential savings: Saves fees and charges Use internet or phone anking Potential savings: May save bank fees Take your own lunch to work Potential savings: If you save $4 per day, that’s $1,000 a year

Save for your next car and choose a lower-priced model Potential savings: A big deposit reduces the total purchase price, and you may also get savings on borrowing and insurance costs Use pre-paid cards for your children’s mobile phones Potential savings: Make your kids top up the card themselves if they spend too fast Use self-catering holiday accommodation Potential savings: Saves on eating out at cafes, hotels and restaurants

What if you can’t pay your bills?
Stay calm and work out what you can reasonably pay each person to whom you owe money (your creditors), considering both your living costs, rent or mortgage, and all your debts. Not-for-profit financial counsellors can help you. Contact your creditors promptly and tell them you are having financial difficulties and want to discuss repayment arrangements. This is especially important if creditors hold security over your home, car or other assets. Offer only what you can reasonably afford to pay, and offer something to each creditor. Try to cover interest or charges applying to the debt.

Ask if the creditor will agree to reduce the interest on the debt until you can get back on your feet. Confirm any agreement in writing. What if you get retrenched? Before making any decisions, taking any money or signing any documents, find out your entitlements and the best way for you to deal with any money you may receive. You may not be able to undo a decision you are unhappy about. Ask someone who understands your terms of employment and your superannuation benefits, how much tax you’ll pay and what makes the best sense for you financially. If you belong to a union, they may be able to give you free advice.

What if you get a windfall?
Above all, go back to your personal goals. Consider paying off all personal debts first and then your home mortgage.If there’s still money left over, consider making a personal contribution to superannuation, a contribution to your spouse’s superannuation or starting to invest. Windfalls can easily disappear through unplanned spending or hasty investments. For large sums of money, you may need the help of a financial adviser.

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Getting into debt is far easier than getting out of it. If you shop around and manage your loans, they won’t make a mess of your finances.

When should you borrow?
Look at the total cost including all the interest before you borrow. Only borrow if you are sure you can afford the repayments. For things you just want, such as a holiday, it’s cheaper to save up for them. For example, Nat and Sam’s $3,000 two-week holiday, paid on their credit cards, took them two years’ hard saving to pay off, and cost them an extra $534 in interest. Even for things you may need, such as a car, it’s cheaper to save if you can.If you do borrow, pick the shortest repayment period you can afford, especially for anything that you use up quickly, like a holiday, or that loses value, like a car. For a home, almost everyone has to borrow because it’s hardly realistic to save up for one. In this case, it can make good sense to borrow, because a home could increase in value, perhaps even faster than the interest rate you will pay.
How much should you borrow?
It pays to be cautious. Lenders may offer you a bigger loan than you would feel comfortable with. They may increase your credit card limit without asking and without checking if you really can repay higher debt. Interest rates could go up, and if you borrow too much even a small rise could get you into trouble.

TIP: Do a trial run before you borrow.
Try saving an amount equal to your loan repayments each month, or saving the difference between your rent and home loan repayments (include the one-off costs, such as stamp duty and moving house).

Could you afford to do that for the full term of the loan, maybe for 20 or 25 years?
You may be overstretching yourself if: l your total loan repayments cost more than half your take home pay l your home loan repayments cost more than a third of your take home pay.

What’s the best loan?
Usually it’s the loan with the lowest interest rate. This is often the single most important thing to get right, so shop around. Even small differences in interest rates can make a big difference to the total amount you will pay, especially with long-term loans. Extra features that cost you more in interest rates may just waste money. Look for the ‘comparison rate’ which takes fees into account. ‘Honeymoon’, ‘introductory’ and ‘low start’ loans may sound appealing, but once the honeymoon ends, you could end up in a more expensive loan. Check that your loan allows you to make extra payments, and if there are any fees for doing so. Loans with fixed rates may:

• not allow extra payments or, if they do, will commonly limit the amount you can repay over the life of the loan
• charge very high extra fees for paying out the loan early.

Where to find loans?
The CANNEX website at www.cannex.com.au is an excellent place to start. Magazines and newspaper columns also give a good idea of current rates. Do consider all types of lenders: credit unions, building societies, banks and non-bank lenders. Loans with the lowest rates of interest may not be the most heavily advertised. Mortgage brokers may not offer all the low interest home loans available.

Which loans should you pay off first?
Pay at least the minimum amount due to every lender on time. If you can afford extra payments, start with the loan charging the highest interest. Only put extra into other loans once the most expensive one has been paid off. The lowest-priority loan is one that has taxdeductible interest – for an investment property loan, for instance.

Why pay loans and mortgages off faster?
Paying off your loan faster can save you thousands in interest payments. One simple way to get ahead is to pay your loan fortnightly instead of monthly. In effect, you make the equivalent of 13 monthly payments a year instead of 12.
Fortnightly payments will cut four years off a 20-year home loan of $200,000. And if you can pay an extra $100 per fortnight, you will cut seven years off your loan. If you have some money to spare, consider reducing your loan balance. Paying $1,000 off a credit card charging you 16% interest obviously beats putting the same money into a term deposit earning 5.5%. Also, remember the effect of tax. Paying $1,000 off a loan charging interest of 6.5%, saves a full $65. Even if you could invest the money somewhere else that earned $65, you would then have to pay tax. Be careful about claims that refinancing will pay off your loan faster. You can only pay off loans faster by paying more money. Only refinance if you are sure the savings outweigh the costs.

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Why insurance really matters Insurance helps cover the costs of unfortunate events, such as losing your living because of illness or disability, or your home in a fire. It protects the financial safety of you and your family, and your property.
Common risks and how to insure against them
Common risks: Death and total and permanent disability Insurance product: Increased life and total and permanent disability insurance through your superannuation fund or a personal policy What can reduce your insurance premiums: Using your super fund if the policy suits you Common risks: Damage or loss to a home building and fixtures Insurance product: Home building insurance What can reduce your insurance premiums: Adequate maintenance, smoke detectors, sound electrical wiring
Common risks: Loss of home contents Insurance product: Home contents insurance
What can reduce your insurance premiums: Window and door locks, burglar alarms, smoke detectors
Common risks: Damage to someone else’s vehicle or property
Insurance product: Third party property insurance
What can reduce your insurance premiums: An accident-free driving record
Common risks: Loss or damage to your motor vehicle
Insurance product: Comprehensive insurance
What can reduce your insurance premiums: Security

Common risks: Sickness and temporary disability
Insurance product: Income protection insurance (this is tax deductible); Private hospital medical insurance; Trauma insurance
What can reduce your insurance premiums: Check if your super fund offers suitable insurance
Common risks: Unemployment
Insurance product: Generally you can’t insure against unemployment
What can reduce your insurance premiums: Not applicable
TIP: Before you make a choice, read about the risks and returns for each investment strategy you are offered.

How much cover do you need?
If you make a claim, the maximum an insurer will pay you is the amount of money, or ‘sum insured’, in your contract. That sum has to cover everything.
Most people underestimate the value of what they own and ‘under-insure’. If you under-insure, you won’t get enough money to cover the total cost of your loss.
For example, the ‘sum insured’ for your home must be enough to cover all your costs if your home were destroyed, including rubbish removal, alternative housing and rebuilding costs. Check your cover regularly, so that your sum insured keeps up with building costs and any renovations. Increasing your sum insured won’t necessarily cost a lot of money. Shopping around, or choosing a higher excess, could get you more insurance at about the same cost as
your current policy. Although many insurers have internet calculators to help you work out a reasonable sum insured, not all calculators are the same. Use a calculator that asks you lots of questions (up to 30) about your home, because you’re much more likely to get a more accurate sum insured.

How do you get the best cover?
Shop around and get a few quotes. To give you a quote, the insurer will ask you various questions. Answer all questions fully and honestly. You must tell them all the facts that could be relevant, otherwise the insurer may be entitled to refuse or reduce payment on a claim. You may save on insurance premiums by agreeing to pay an ‘excess’.Compare the actual cover offered in each quote. Go through what the policy covers and what it excludes with a fine-tooth comb. Many people find out only too late that something was not covered. Insurance covers only what’s defined in the policy and nothing else. A cheap policy that doesn’t cover what you need could be worse than a more expensive policy with unnecessary features. If you have special needs, seek expert advice before you take out insurance cover.

EXAMPLE: If you can afford to pay for the first $500 of damage to your home or contents, you may get a reduced premium. Packaging several insurance policies with one insurer may also save money.

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